Learn about the UKRAINIAN STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE and the UKRAINIAN NATIONAL REPUBLIC of 1918-19
From the INTERNET ENCYCLOPEDIA OF UKRAINE
(January 2005)
The upcoming inauguration of President Viktor Yushchenko on 23 January 2005 will take place almost exactly on an anniversary of the declaration of independence of the Ukrainian National Republic issued almost 90 years ago.
On 22 January 1918, in its Fourth Universal, the Ukrainian Central Rada declared the independence and sovereignty of the Ukrainian National Republic. The session of the Central Rada on 29 April 1918 elected Mykhailo Hrushevsky president...
To learn more, visit the IEU site at: http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com
and search for such entries as:
Struggle for Independence (1917-20)
Central Rada
Universals of the Central Rada
Ukrainian-Soviet War, 1917-21
Army of the Ukrainian National Republic
Hrushevsky, Mykhailo
Petliura, Symon
Hetman government
and others∑
STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE (1917-20). The term used to describe the political, military, and diplomatic activities to achieve Ukrainian statehood in all Ukrainian territories. At first this struggle concerned the central Ukrainian territories, which, until 1917, were part of the Russian Empire. Following the February Revolution of 1917, three Ukrainian state formations were established in central Ukraine. On 17 March the Central Rada, headed by Mykhailo Hrushevsky, was created in Kyiv. The state-founding proclamations of the Rada were the four Universals of the Central Rada: the First (23 June 1917) proclaimed Ukrainian autonomy; the Second (16 July) stated the agreement and the reciprocal recognition between the Central Rada and the Provisional Government; the Third (20 November) created the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR); and the Fourth, dated 22 January 1918, declared the independence and sovereignty of the UNR on 25 January 1918. The session of the Central Rada on 29 April 1918 ratified the Constitution of the Ukrainian National Republic and elected Hrushevsky president. That same day, however, a coup d'état was staged with the support of the Germans by conservative circles at the congress of the All-Ukrainian Union of Landowners of Ukraine. Gen Pavlo Skoropadsky was proclaimed hetman of the Ukrainian State, which replaced the UNR. The hetman decreed the 'Laws for the Provisional Regime in Ukraine,' which annulled the previous legal status and all laws of the UNR, and formed the Hetman government.
The Ukrainian political formations that opposed the hetman formed the Ukrainian National Union at the beginning of August 1918 and on 13 November they appointed the Directory of the Ukrainian National Republic, headed by Volodymyr Vynnychenko. Following Pavlo Skoropadsky's 14 November 1918 proclamation of the federation of Ukraine with Russia, the Directory began an anti-hetman uprising that culminated on 14 December in the restoration of the republican rule of the UNR∑
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ependence1917hD720.htm
View archival photographs from an earlier Ukrainian revolution at:
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(Kyiv_1919).jpg
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0(March%201918).jpg
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